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fao inhibitor etomoxir  (MedChemExpress)


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    MedChemExpress fao inhibitor etomoxir
    Fao Inhibitor Etomoxir, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 212 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/fao+inhibitor+etomoxir/Etomoxir/pm41818193-256-12-19
    Average 97 stars, based on 212 article reviews
    fao inhibitor etomoxir - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    97/100 stars

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    Related Articles

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Recombinant:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Transfection:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Control:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Virus:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Infection:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Reverse Transcription:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    SYBR Green Assay:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..

    Polymerase Chain Reaction:

    Article Title: Global Characteristics and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells After Myocardial Infarction
    Article Snippet: .. The cells were cultured using RPMI 1640 medium containing penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, and 30 ng/mL recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, #416-ML-010, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 3 d, then the RPMI 1640 medium with penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL), 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL M-CSF changed and cultured for a further 4 d. To determine phagocytic capacity, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were first transfected with adenovirus encoding GPNMB or an empty control virus with a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 24 h. The cells were then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 300 ng/mL, D ow nloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on January 12, 2024 Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and IFNγ (100 ng/mL, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) supplemented with or without the FAO inhibitor etomoxir (10 μM, MedChemExpress, Princeton, NJ, USA) for 24 h. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Total RNA was extracted from BMDMs using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, C determine arlsbad, CA, USA), and 1 μg of total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the TAKARA PrimeScript RT reagent kit with gDNA eraser (#RR047A; TaKaRa Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan). cDNA (0.5 μL) was then mixed with qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and 0.25 μM primers to obtain a final volume of 10 μL, which was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR using a QuantStudioTM 6 Flex Realtime PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). ..



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    Lipid metabolism reprogramming of 5FU-R CRC cells A. Cell survival in 5FU-R and corresponding control cells treated with increasing concentrations of 5-FU for 72 h B. Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and free fatty acid content in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells. The values were normalized with the total protein concentration. C. Heatmaps comparing captured fatty acids from 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells. D. The amount of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs (n-3 and n-6) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells, based on the metabolomic data. E. Flow cytometric histogram of the fluorescence intensity (FITC channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells upon staining with TF2-C12-loading solution for 1 h F. Protein expressions of FATP4, FABP1, CD36, and FASN in the indicated cancer cells. β-actin served as an internal reference. G. Flow cytometric histogram of the fluorescence intensity (DAPI channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells upon treatment with FAOBlue (10 μM) for 1 h H. OCR was measured in a medium saturated with palmitate-BSA, and subsequently subjected to sequential exposure of etomoxir (4 μM) and FCCP (1 μM). I. Comparing acute response and maximal response to etomoxir for assessing the mitochondrial FAO capacity. J. Protein expressions of CPT1A, CPT2, and ACOX1 in the indicated cancer cells. β-actin served as an internal reference. K. Flow cytometric histogram of the fluorescence intensity (FITC channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells upon staining with BODIPY 493/503 (2 μM) for 15 min. L. The CRC cohort included three clinical therapy subcohorts: No chemotherapy group, Response group, No response group. Clinical parameters are indicated in the heatmap. M. Representative images of IHC staining for adipophilin on tumor sections in CRC patients, scale bar = 50 μm N. Comparison of IHC staining (AOD) for adipophilin in three CRC subcohorts. O. Kaplan–Meier survival curves of disease-free survival of CRC patients on fluorouracil analog-based chemotherapy with high (AOD ≥0.15, n = 12) or low (AOD <0.15, n = 15) adipophilin expression as assessed by the IHC images. Data are shown as means ± SD. The statistical analyses were performed using the unpaired Student's t -test or ANOVA, and survival was compared by log rank (Mantel–Cox) testing. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, or ns = not significant. SD, standard deviation; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CRC, colorectal cancer; 5FU-R, 5-fluorouracil-resistant; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; FCCP, ionophore uncoupler trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone; IHC, immunohistochemistry; FASN, fatty acid synthase; FAO, fatty acid oxidation.

    Journal: Redox Biology

    Article Title: Redistribution of defective mitochondria-mediated dihydroorotate dehydrogenase imparts 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer

    doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103207

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Lipid metabolism reprogramming of 5FU-R CRC cells A. Cell survival in 5FU-R and corresponding control cells treated with increasing concentrations of 5-FU for 72 h B. Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and free fatty acid content in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells. The values were normalized with the total protein concentration. C. Heatmaps comparing captured fatty acids from 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells. D. The amount of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs (n-3 and n-6) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells, based on the metabolomic data. E. Flow cytometric histogram of the fluorescence intensity (FITC channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells upon staining with TF2-C12-loading solution for 1 h F. Protein expressions of FATP4, FABP1, CD36, and FASN in the indicated cancer cells. β-actin served as an internal reference. G. Flow cytometric histogram of the fluorescence intensity (DAPI channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells upon treatment with FAOBlue (10 μM) for 1 h H. OCR was measured in a medium saturated with palmitate-BSA, and subsequently subjected to sequential exposure of etomoxir (4 μM) and FCCP (1 μM). I. Comparing acute response and maximal response to etomoxir for assessing the mitochondrial FAO capacity. J. Protein expressions of CPT1A, CPT2, and ACOX1 in the indicated cancer cells. β-actin served as an internal reference. K. Flow cytometric histogram of the fluorescence intensity (FITC channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells upon staining with BODIPY 493/503 (2 μM) for 15 min. L. The CRC cohort included three clinical therapy subcohorts: No chemotherapy group, Response group, No response group. Clinical parameters are indicated in the heatmap. M. Representative images of IHC staining for adipophilin on tumor sections in CRC patients, scale bar = 50 μm N. Comparison of IHC staining (AOD) for adipophilin in three CRC subcohorts. O. Kaplan–Meier survival curves of disease-free survival of CRC patients on fluorouracil analog-based chemotherapy with high (AOD ≥0.15, n = 12) or low (AOD <0.15, n = 15) adipophilin expression as assessed by the IHC images. Data are shown as means ± SD. The statistical analyses were performed using the unpaired Student's t -test or ANOVA, and survival was compared by log rank (Mantel–Cox) testing. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, or ns = not significant. SD, standard deviation; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CRC, colorectal cancer; 5FU-R, 5-fluorouracil-resistant; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; FCCP, ionophore uncoupler trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone; IHC, immunohistochemistry; FASN, fatty acid synthase; FAO, fatty acid oxidation.

    Article Snippet: In this study, cells and mice were treated with additional supplemental fatty acids (all from Sigma-Aldrich) including as palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); fatty acid oxidation (FAO) inhibitor etomoxir; trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP); chemotherapeutic agents including 5-FU (Abcam), irinotecan (MedChemExpress), and oxaliplatin (MedChemExpress); apoptosis inducer etoposide (Selleck); necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (MedChemExpress); ferroptosis inhibitors including ferrostatin-1 (MedChemExpress) and liproxstatin-1 (MedChemExpress); ferroptosis inducers including RSL3 (Selleck) and erastin (MedChemExpress); myristoylation inhibitor IMP-1088 (MedChemExpress); ATP production inhibitors including oligomycin (MedChemExpress) and carboxyatractyloside (MedChemExpress); and DHODH inhibitors including brequinar (Selleck) and teriflunomide (Selleck).

    Techniques: Control, Protein Concentration, Metabolomic, Fluorescence, Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison, Expressing, Standard Deviation

    Accumulated PUFAs exert cytotoxic effects on 5FU-R CRC cells A. Structural formulas of representative SFA, MUFA, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA. B. Flow cytometric statistical analysis of the fluorescence intensity (FITC channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells stained with BODIPY 493/503 (2 μM) for 15 min to 100 mM FAs including PA, OA, LA, ARA, DPA, ALA, EPA, and DHA. C. Effects of the 100 μM indicated FAs on the OCR in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells. OCR was measured in a medium with 100 μM indicated FAs, and subsequently subjected to etomoxir (4 μM). D–F. Effects of the indicated FAs and chemotherapeutic agents on the growth of 3D tumor spheroids generated from 5FU-R cells and their WT counterparts. Indicated FAs and chemotherapeutic agents were introduced starting from day three and replaced every three days. (D) Indicated FAs (100 μM) or 5-FU (10 μM), (E) PUFAs (100 μM) or oxaliplatin (1 μM), and (F) PUFAs (100 μM) or irinotecan (50 μM) G. Tumor volumes of WT and 5FU-R HCT8 xenografts with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment at different time points (days). H, I. (H) Representative images of H&E staining and Ki67 IHC staining on WT and 5FU-R HCT8 xenograft tumor sections with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment, scale bar = 100 μm. (I) Ki67 positive rates in the indicated xenograft tumors. J. Tumor volumes in the PDX model with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment at different time points (days). K, L. (K) Representative images of H&E staining and Ki67 IF staining of PDX tumor sections with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment. DAPI (blue), Ki67 (red), scale bar = 50 μm. (L) Ki67 positive rates in the indicated PDX tumors. Data are shown as mean ± SD. The number of mice in each group was five. The statistical analyses were performed using the unpaired Student's t -test or ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, or ns = not significant. SD, standard deviation; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CRC, colorectal cancer; 5FU-R, 5-fluorouracil-resistant; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; IHC, immunohistochemistry; PA, palmitic acid; OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; PDX, patient-derived xenograft. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

    Journal: Redox Biology

    Article Title: Redistribution of defective mitochondria-mediated dihydroorotate dehydrogenase imparts 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer

    doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103207

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Accumulated PUFAs exert cytotoxic effects on 5FU-R CRC cells A. Structural formulas of representative SFA, MUFA, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA. B. Flow cytometric statistical analysis of the fluorescence intensity (FITC channel) in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells stained with BODIPY 493/503 (2 μM) for 15 min to 100 mM FAs including PA, OA, LA, ARA, DPA, ALA, EPA, and DHA. C. Effects of the 100 μM indicated FAs on the OCR in 5FU-R and corresponding WT cells. OCR was measured in a medium with 100 μM indicated FAs, and subsequently subjected to etomoxir (4 μM). D–F. Effects of the indicated FAs and chemotherapeutic agents on the growth of 3D tumor spheroids generated from 5FU-R cells and their WT counterparts. Indicated FAs and chemotherapeutic agents were introduced starting from day three and replaced every three days. (D) Indicated FAs (100 μM) or 5-FU (10 μM), (E) PUFAs (100 μM) or oxaliplatin (1 μM), and (F) PUFAs (100 μM) or irinotecan (50 μM) G. Tumor volumes of WT and 5FU-R HCT8 xenografts with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment at different time points (days). H, I. (H) Representative images of H&E staining and Ki67 IHC staining on WT and 5FU-R HCT8 xenograft tumor sections with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment, scale bar = 100 μm. (I) Ki67 positive rates in the indicated xenograft tumors. J. Tumor volumes in the PDX model with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment at different time points (days). K, L. (K) Representative images of H&E staining and Ki67 IF staining of PDX tumor sections with the indicated diets and 5-FU treatment. DAPI (blue), Ki67 (red), scale bar = 50 μm. (L) Ki67 positive rates in the indicated PDX tumors. Data are shown as mean ± SD. The number of mice in each group was five. The statistical analyses were performed using the unpaired Student's t -test or ANOVA. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, or ns = not significant. SD, standard deviation; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CRC, colorectal cancer; 5FU-R, 5-fluorouracil-resistant; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; IHC, immunohistochemistry; PA, palmitic acid; OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; PDX, patient-derived xenograft. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

    Article Snippet: In this study, cells and mice were treated with additional supplemental fatty acids (all from Sigma-Aldrich) including as palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); fatty acid oxidation (FAO) inhibitor etomoxir; trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP); chemotherapeutic agents including 5-FU (Abcam), irinotecan (MedChemExpress), and oxaliplatin (MedChemExpress); apoptosis inducer etoposide (Selleck); necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (MedChemExpress); ferroptosis inhibitors including ferrostatin-1 (MedChemExpress) and liproxstatin-1 (MedChemExpress); ferroptosis inducers including RSL3 (Selleck) and erastin (MedChemExpress); myristoylation inhibitor IMP-1088 (MedChemExpress); ATP production inhibitors including oligomycin (MedChemExpress) and carboxyatractyloside (MedChemExpress); and DHODH inhibitors including brequinar (Selleck) and teriflunomide (Selleck).

    Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining, Generated, Immunohistochemistry, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

    Fig. 6. FAO inhibition reverted inflammatory response of BCG-infected RAW264.7 macrophages. (A–C) Naïve macrophages were pretreated with etomoxir (Eto) 2 h, after 12 h of BCG infection, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA was assessed by qRT-PCR; (D–F) and the concentration of L-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the cell culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. (J) C57BL/6 mice were infected with BCG directly through airway instillation, intraperitoneal injection with Eto (5mg/mouse/day). After 28 d of BCG infection, pathological injury of lung tissue was detected by H&E-staining and quantitative analysis of histopathology scores (scale bar: 100 μm). All data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

    Journal: Experimental cell research

    Article Title: Dual-specificity phosphatase 5-mediated fatty acid oxidation promotes Mycobacterium bovis BCG -induced inflammatory responses.

    doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113869

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. FAO inhibition reverted inflammatory response of BCG-infected RAW264.7 macrophages. (A–C) Naïve macrophages were pretreated with etomoxir (Eto) 2 h, after 12 h of BCG infection, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA was assessed by qRT-PCR; (D–F) and the concentration of L-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the cell culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. (J) C57BL/6 mice were infected with BCG directly through airway instillation, intraperitoneal injection with Eto (5mg/mouse/day). After 28 d of BCG infection, pathological injury of lung tissue was detected by H&E-staining and quantitative analysis of histopathology scores (scale bar: 100 μm). All data represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

    Article Snippet: TLR2 inhibitor C29, TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 (TAK), JNK signaling pathway inhibitor SP600125 (SP), p38 signaling pathway inhibitor SB203580 (SB), ERK1/ 2 signaling inhibitor PD98059 (PD), FAO inhibitor etomoxir (Eto) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) were purchased from MCE (Monmouth Junction, USA).

    Techniques: Inhibition, Infection, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Injection, Staining, Histopathology

    Effects of Human KSR2 Mutations upon Glucose and Fatty Acid Oxidation, Related to <xref ref-type=Figure 6 (A) Measurement of glucose oxidation in intact C2C12 cells by Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer. The graphs show OCR versus time in the presence of 1 μg/ml oligomycin (OLIGO), 2 μM FCCP and 4 μg/ml rotenone/5 μM antimycin (ROT/ANT). (B) Measurement of FAO in differentiated C2C12 cells overexpressing WT and mutant forms of KSR2 by the Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer. Top left: basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), top right: OCR after injection of 33 μM BSA or 100 μM palmitate (Pal), bottom left: OCR after injection of 50 μM etomoxir, bottom right: OCR change from basal. (C and D) Lysates from C2C12 cells transfected with the indicated KSR2 constructs were treated for 1 hr with 1 mM metformin and immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. " width="100%" height="100%">

    Journal: Cell

    Article Title: KSR2 Mutations Are Associated with Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Impaired Cellular Fuel Oxidation

    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.058

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Human KSR2 Mutations upon Glucose and Fatty Acid Oxidation, Related to Figure 6 (A) Measurement of glucose oxidation in intact C2C12 cells by Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer. The graphs show OCR versus time in the presence of 1 μg/ml oligomycin (OLIGO), 2 μM FCCP and 4 μg/ml rotenone/5 μM antimycin (ROT/ANT). (B) Measurement of FAO in differentiated C2C12 cells overexpressing WT and mutant forms of KSR2 by the Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer. Top left: basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), top right: OCR after injection of 33 μM BSA or 100 μM palmitate (Pal), bottom left: OCR after injection of 50 μM etomoxir, bottom right: OCR change from basal. (C and D) Lysates from C2C12 cells transfected with the indicated KSR2 constructs were treated for 1 hr with 1 mM metformin and immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies.

    Article Snippet: To investigate FAO to the presence of BSA-conjugated palmitate (Seahorse Bioscience), 70 μl of BSA vehicle, 70 μl of BSA-Palmitate and 70 μl of FAO inhibitor etomoxir (Sigma) were loaded into Seahorse injection ports to achieve final concentration of 33 μM BSA, 100 μM palmitate, 50 μM etomoxir.

    Techniques: Mutagenesis, Injection, Transfection, Construct